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APA 7th Edition Style Guide

Help with using the APA 7th edition

Webpages / Web Documents

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of page. Website. http://xxxxx

General copyright dates are not sufficient to use as the publication date. If no creation
or publication date is given, use n.d. If the author and website are the same, omit the website.


Example 1: Author, No Date

Corcodilos, N. (n.d.). Keep your salary under wraps. Ask the Headhunter.

http://www.asktheheadhunter.com/hasalary.htm

 

Example 2: Corporate Author

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2010). Facing down PTSD, vet is now soaring high.

http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/featureArticle_Feb.asp

 

Example 3: Multiple Pages from One Website

If you are using multiple pages from one website that all have the same author and date,
differentiate the dates with letters. Be sure that the citations are listed alphabetically by
webpage title.
 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014a). Be safe after a hurricane.

http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/be-safe-after.asp


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014b). Make a plan.

http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/plan.asp


If both items have n.d. instead of a year, include a hyphen before the differentiating letter:

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-a). Priority admissions dates.

http://www.sfcollege.edu/admissions/index.php?section=priority_dates

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-b). SF to UF: A true story. http://www.sfcollege.edu/gators/true-story/index


Example 4: No Author

Appeal to authority. (n.d.). Logical Fallacies. https://www.logicalfallacies.org/appeal-to-authority.html

When citing as an in-text citation, you may abbreviate the title to the first few words, in quotations,
unless the title is short:

("Appeal to Authority," n.d.)


Source: Publication Manual, 10.16 (examples 111-114); Webpage on a Website References [APA Style]

Entire Websites

Simply give the URL of the website in the text:

The EKU Library website (https://library.eku.edu) provides many resources for the students
and faculty at Eastern Kentucky University.

Source: Publication Manual, 8.22; Whole Website References [APA Style]

Entry in an Online Dictionary

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Entry name. In Title of online dictionary. Retrieved Day Month, Year,

from http://xxxxx.

Most online dictionaries will not have a date; include a retrieval date in this case.


Example

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Chapfallen. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

March 10, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chapfallen
 

West, S. (2007). Online bully. In Urban dictionary. 

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=online%20bully&defid=

2639710#2639710
 

Source: Dictionary Entry References [APA Style]

Entries in Online Encyclopedias

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (xx ed.).

Website. http://xxxxx
​

Example 1: Individual Author

Masolo, D. (2006). African sage philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia

of philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). Stanford University.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/ 

 

Example 2: Group Author

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.) Antisemitism. In Holocaust encyclopedia.

Retrieved October 7, 2019, from

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism

 

Note: If the author is the same as the website, omit the website component. If an
encyclopedia is continuously updated and does not have an archived version, include
the retrieval date.
 

Source: Publication Manual, 10.3 (examples 47-48)

Blog Posts

Template

Author, A. or ScreenName. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Blog Title. http://xxxxx

Please note that for blogs, the post title is formatted normally and the blog title is italicized.
 

Example 1: Screen Name

Headsman. (2009, August 17). 1909: Madanlal Dhingra, Indian revolutionary. ExecutedToday.com.

http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/08/17/1909-madanlal-dhingra-indian-revolutionary/

 

Example 2: Full Name

Wade, L. (2009, August 7). What makes a person homeless? Sociological Images.

http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/08/07/what-makes-a-person-homeless/

 

Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 17); Blog Post and Blog Comment References [APA Style]

Government Reports

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Website. http://xxxxx
​

Example 1: Individual Author

Haugen, S. E. (2009). Measures of labor underutilization from the current population

survey (Working Paper No. 424). Bureau of Labor Statistics.

http://www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec090020.pdf
 

Example 2: Organizational Author

For agencies that are part of a hierarchy, you can use the specific agency instead of
including the full hierarchy. If you introduce an abbreviation in your first in-text citation,
you may use that abbreviation in subsequent citations.


National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2011). Your guide to anemia (NIH Publication No. 11-7629).

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/blood/anemia-yg.pdf

In-text citation: 

First Time: (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011)

All Subsequent Times: (NHLBI, 2011)

Note: if the author and website are the same, omit the website.
 

Example 3: Report Retrieved from Other Site

Matese, M. A. (1997, March). Accountability-based sanctions (Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention Fact Sheet No. 58). National Criminal Justice Reference

Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/fs-9758.pdf

 

Source: Publication Manual, 10.4 (examples 50-52); Report by a Government Agency
References; Report with Individual Authors References [APA Style]

Online Videos (e.g. YouTube, TED)

Use this for videos posted on websites or blogs, such as YouTube, TED, a news website,
etc. If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time stamp in place
of a page number within the in-text citation (see Example 1).

Template

Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website. http://xxxxx


Example 1: Full Name

Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit circle [Video].

YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA


In-text citation: (Jones, 2009, 1:15)


Example 2: User Name Only

Vercamath. (2011, July 25). Parallel universes explained [Video]. YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWaB3SksOQU

 

Example 3: TED Talk

Gavagan, E. (2012, April). A story about knots and surgeons [Video]. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_gavagan_a_story_about_knots_and_surgeons


TED. (2016, August 30). Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each other [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs


Note: If citing from the TED website, list the speaker as the author. If citing from YouTube,
list TED (or the account) as the author and include the speaker's name in the title.
 

Sources: Publication Manual, 9.8 and 10.12 (examples 88 and 90); YouTube Video References;
TED Talk References [APA Style]

Images

Photograph

You may also need to provide an attribution if you include the image in your paper. 


Template

Photographer, A. A. (copyright year). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Website. http://xxxxx


Example

Zemlianichenko, A. (1997). Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at a rock concert

[Photograph]. The Pulitzer Prizes.

https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/alexander-zemlianichenko

 

Artwork


Template

Artist, A. A. (copyright year). Title of work [Medium: Painting, drawing, sculpture, photograph,

etc.]. Museum, Location. http://xxxxx


Example

Flack, A. (1988). Islandia, goddess of the healing waters [Sculpture]. Harn Museum of Art,

Gainesville, FL, United States. http://www.harn.ufl.edu/collections/8_e.html

 

Source: Publication Manual, 10.14 (examples 97 & 101); Clip Art or Stock Image References;
Artwork References [APA Style]

Fact Sheets & Brochures

Template

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of brochure or fact sheet [Type]. Website. http://xxxxx.

If the author and website names are the same, omit the website component


Example

Cancer Research UK. (2014). World cancer factsheet [Fact sheet]. 

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cs_report_world.pdf


Nissan. (n.d.). 2020 Altima [Brochure]. Retrieved March 10, 2020, from

https://www.nissanusa.com/content/dam/Nissan/us/vehicle-brochures/

2020/2020-nissan-altima-brochure-en.pdf

 

Source: Fact Sheet References; Brochure References [APA Style]

Press Releases

Template

Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title of press release [Press release]. http://xxxxx
​

Example

Santa Fe College. (2010). Film production classes and casting agent coming to SF

[Press release].

http://news.sfcollege.edu/read.php/2010/09/03/film-production-classes-and-casting-

agent-coming-to-sf.html


Source: Publication Manual, 10.4 (example 59); Press Release References [APA Style]

Facebook

Facebook Page

Template

Author. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx


Example

Florida Memes. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved October 8, 2019,

from https://www.facebook.com/morefloridamemes/

 

Specific Posting On Facebook Profile or Page

If you cite a particular post, you must cite it in the References page; you can follow the
example and guidelines below.

  • Include the author name as written (name or an organization).
  • You do not need to include the time, simply the day and year.
  • Provide the entire posting, up to the first 20 words.
  • Include the URL of the specific post if possible.


Template

Author. (Year, Month Day). Text of Facebook post, up to 20 words [Image attached]

[Status update/Video/Infographic/Image]. Facebook. http://xxxxx


Example

CNN. (2013, October 22). Could a mouse's back potentially hold the cure for baldness?

A breakthrough may be on the horizon, researchers say. http://on.cnn.com/1cTftYk

[Thumbnail link] [Status update]. Facebook.

https://www.facebook.com/cnn/posts/10152027847166509

 

Source: Publication Manual, 10.15 (examples 105-106); Facebook References [APA Style]

X (formerly Twitter)

X (formerly Twitter) Profile, Instagram or TikTok

X profiles begin on the “Posts” tab by default. If you want to cite one of the other tabs
(“Replies,” “Highlights,” “Media,” or “Likes”), use the name of that tab rather than “Posts”
in the title element of the reference.

X Profile

  • X profiles begin on the “Posts” tab by default. If you want to cite one of the other
    tabs (“Replies,” “Highlights,” “Media,” or “Likes”), use the name of that tab rather
    than “Posts” in the title element of the reference.
  • Include the notation “[X profile]” in square brackets.
  • Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and
    is not archived.
  • Provide the URL of the page.

Example

APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Posts [X profile]. X. Retrieved November 8, 2023,

from https://x.com/APA_Style

Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.). Replies [X profile]. X. Retrieved January 9,

2020, from https://x.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies


X post

If you cite a particular post (formerly a 'tweet'), you must cite it in the References page.
Follow the example and guidelines below.

  • Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for
    any other reference. Then provide the X handle (beginning with the @ sign) in
    square brackets, followed by a period.
  • In the case of a group identified by an abbreviation (as with the CDC example),
    use the group name as shown on the work, to aid in retrieval.
  • Provide the specific date of the post.
  • Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title, in italics. Count a URL, a hashtag,
    or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within
    the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
  • If the post includes an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image with a link,
    indicate that in square brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached],
    [Thumbnail with link attached].
  • Include the description “[Post]” in square brackets after the title.
  • Credit X as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of
    the post. 
  • The format used for X is also used for Instagram and TikTok.
  • If an image or video are included, add square brackets before the post indication

Example

CDC [@CDCgov]. (2020, June 11). Scientists do not know if having antibodies to the virus

that causes #COVID19 can protect someone from getting infected again [Image

attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/CDCgov/status/1271180413134876672
 

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). Today, it’s difficult for researchers to diagnose

#Alzheimers patients early enough to intervene. A reliable, easy and accurate

diagnostic would [Thumbnail with link attached] [Post]. X. 

https://x.com/BillGates/status/1170305718425137152

 

Source: Publication Manual 10.15 (examples 103-104);
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/x-references#1